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By Forrest Wallace Cato © Copyright - All Rights Reserved
WARNING! SHOCKING NEW RESEARCH!
Beware of the Hustlers That are Known in the Financial Products and Services Industry as Clowns!
Before You Invest A Single Dollar, Know the Difference Between "Hi-Lo-Lie" and "Lo-Hi-TC" Financial Advisors! _____________________________________
"Sends an extremely urgent wake-up call to financial planners, their industry, Wall Street, regulators, and especially to America's investors!" Larry King
Dedication
For the minority of financial planners, the leaders, who have legal coverage, to protect themselves and their clients, who are honest, responsible, qualified, dedicated to their client's best interest, and who do not lie, cheat, have "big mouths," or fit the "Hi-Lo-Lie" Profile. Each day these non-clowns act in the best interest of their clients.
Brief Preface Excerpts
There is no other industry in America, or in any country, where a clown (or a hustler) may have millions of other people's dollars under management. Nor is there another specialty discipline where a clown (or a hustler) may direct the investments of millions of dollars of other people's money.
Today in America, billions of dollars are actually controlled by people you would consider to be clowns (or hustlers) if you knew them better! The majority of these clowns are not funny. This book is essentially the terrible truth about financial planning today! Most often these clowns are self-centered, irritating, big-mouth, unqualified, liars, who are first and foremost salesmen of some financial products and services. If this sounds cruel or unfair then you will be alarmed to learn that ... Though an estimated 80% of the financial products and services sold each year in the USA are sold by approximately 20% of the financial professionals, it is not at all unusual for clowns to break into the 20% of top producers. With skilled media promotion and image branding , i.e., press coverage, radio appearances, TV exposure, seminars, books, direct mail, etc., even clowns can become highly successful as financial planners. When clowns "score big" in a market area it is usually because
The facts revealed in this book are so alarming they tend to obliterate notice and appreciation of the approximate 20% (or less) of financial planners who are outstanding, commendable, qualified, and work hard and wisely for their clients. That these sensational exposures should overshadow this 20% (or less) is both unfair and unfortunate. These "good guys" can be identified by
As you go through the following pages you will sense that some of the 80% (or more) that fall within the "Hi-Lo-Lie" profile are busy now creating rebuttals to this work. They will challenge, condemn, attack, and attempt to disprove or discredit this content or the author. Their efforts will be mainly to assert or assure their commendable status, less they become exposed and consumers learn how to identify them among the clowns. Before I finished writing this volume I received messages from a few financial advisors assuring me that I was a "mean spirited bastard," or a "scum-sucking SOB," and that
Financial professionals, advisors, and planners, can all be separated into two basic groups. The problem is, the consumer is not equipped with an accurate screening device. This is very important, because their financial success and security, and that of their family, may depend on selecting (and trusting) the worthy financial advisor. The purpose of this book is to help you distinguish the "good guys" from the clowns and the less-worthy, and to help you avoid those who are actually dangerous and could harm you even if
Financial planners may use many titles. Some call themselves by the generic term "financial planner." Others use designations (their are now over 100, see page 118), as if these were job titles. They might say, "I am a Certified Financial Planner," or "I am a Chartered Financial Consultant," or "I am a Registered Financial Consultant." Each of these is a noteworthy professional designation. But many other designations are worthless. There is no guarantee that the person claiming any designation actually holds the designation claimed, or truly practices in the best interest of their consumer clients. In many cases there is no guarantee that the designation was earned through appropriate educational accomplishments. As shocking as this reality appears, the truth is
And there are many-many more types of financial planning operatives. Those financial planners claiming other titles might say, "I am a Christian Financial Planner." Or, "I am a Fee-Only Ethical Financial Planning Advisor," or I'm a Gay And Lesbian Financial Planner." Or, "I'm a Master Financial Planner." Or, "I am an Athletes Financial Coach." Or "I am a Commissioned Personal Financial Planner." Or, "I am a Financial Planning Engineer." Or "I am a Senior Financial Planning Consultant." Or "I am a Financial Advisor." Or "I am a Financial Professional." Or "I am a Wall Street Investment Analyst." Or "I am a Registered Brokerage Consultant." Or "I am a Rollover Specialist." And there are many additional "positioning" for sellers of financial products. I know one "planner" who calls himself a "Personal Money Investigator." He will investigate how you manage your money and investments then make recommendations to you. Of course what he really does is
"The "Lo-Hi-TC" Profile Describes Approximately 20% (or less) of the Non-Clown Financial Planners
The good and worthy financial planner may go by any title or use any nomenclature. But the good and worthy financial planner clearly demonstrates total adherence to three unique characteristics that are defined by the "Lo-Hi-TC" Profile. The "Lo-Hi-TC" Profile embodies
Terrible Truths About Financial Planning® is influenced by this writer's observations and experiences acquired over 25-years while working as a financial journalist and investigative reporter covering the still evolving financial planning profession since it's inception. This treatise also reflects my biases acquired as former editor of Trusts & Estates: The Journal of Wealth Management, and as Editor-In-Chief of Financial Planning Magazine, and as an Editor for Advisor Magazine. The financial planning profession is presently growing very rapidly -- but the independent financial planners are now threatened with elimination by the banking industry and by major Wall Street brokerages. American history shows us that the most moneyed interests are capable of continuing to purchase any federal or state laws they desire. Laws that enable them to exploit the public! The planners have done a pathetic job of protecting their specialty discipline. Many people believe banking and/or Wall Street should "take over" financial planning because of the many clowns (and hustlers) now in this profession. Some consumer advocates even insist
For the first time ever, there are shocking exposures and alarming facts revealed in the following chapters! You should consider these findings carefully before you invest your first dollar or before you invest another dollar. Possibly you should
Forrest Wallace Cato
TERRIBLE TRUTHS ABOUT FINANCIAL PLANNING®
Contents
Prologue by Forrest Wallace Cato
Terrible Truths I Witnessed I Never Called Myself "A PR Man" Why The Registered Financial Media Advocates Association? Being Screwed By Financial Planning Clowns! There Are Great Financial Men Like Jerry Reiter, And
Planner's Clients Don't Know Diddley! What A Great Speaker I Am! Explaining Why Loren Dunton And Wally Cato Were Suckers! Would You Be The Monkey In The Middle?
Section I How You Get Hooked!
1 Fear, Hope, Greed, Ignorance, Worry, And Intelligence Being Financially Unsophisticated Means Being Vulnerable
Section II Terrible Truths!
2 Financial Planners Tell Terrible Lies Don't Call Yourself A Financial Planner If
Be Honest About What You Do Placing Middle America's Money At Risk Don't Be Afraid To Say "No" Stop Stealing Books And Software Pay Your Dues Show Some Class - Even A Little Class Stop Lying And Lying In Your Bio-Sketch Exaggerated Biographical Information Is Now Commonplace Don't Claim Your Pitiful Book Is A Best-Seller Attention Consumers: Do Not Work With These Planners Avoid The Planner Who Is A Shameless Self-Promoter Do Not Try To Ride On The Fame Of Others Don't Smother Someone You Want To Impress Be More Careful About What You Say Don't Take Advantage Of Others 3 Financial Advisors Are Terribly Jealous Planners Who Have God-Like Complexes "HI-Lo-Lie" Types Become Abusive Pointless Rides In A Helicopter Taxi Planners Who Solicited Male Prostitutes Is It Really Cute To Use "EIEIO" After A Planner's Name? The Extremely Successful Planner Who Is Broke Why Most TV And Radio Producers Don't Like Financial Planners, Motivational Speakers And Sales Trainers When The Top Producer Is Not The Top Producer Just Another Questionable Speaker Selling Vanity Products Stealing From Napoleon Hill Dubious Or Worthless Designations Border-Line "Hi-Lo-Liars" Who May Deserve Our Sympathy The Off-The-Wall Ego Maniac Or Outright Buffoon Is His Ass That Important? Another "Hi-Lo-Lie" Type Who Went To Prison The "In-Your-Face" Promises That Hook Insecure Planners A Summary Observation About "Hi-Lo-Lie" Types Terrible Embellishments By Financial Professionals 4 Financial Professionals Are Terribly Greedy Financial Planners, Insurance Agents, Broker Dealers, And Wall Street Executives
Section III The Shocking "Hi-Lo-Lie" Research Findings!
5 Terrible "Hi-Lo-Lie" Research Findings An "eye opening" interview (Part One) with Jerry L. Reiter, CEO and Chairman of the Financial Advisors Legal Association. 6 More Terrible "Hi-Lo-Lie" Research Findings A "hard hitting" interview (Part Two) with Jerry L. Reiter, CEO and Chairman of the Financial Advisors Legal Association.
Section IV Your Vital But Often Missing Elements!
7 Terrible Truths About The "Essential But Missing Review Documents"
8 Terrible Truths About The "Essential But Missing Estate Asset Inventory"
9 Terrible Truths About The "Essential But Missing Financial Planning Guarantee"
Section V The Horror-Of-Horrors Among Financial Planners!
10 When The Vital Legal Protection Is Missing, Or Clown's And Hustler's Are Not Covered Who Is This Man And How Does He Protect America's Leading Financial Planners? The Only Financial Advisors Legal Association What Does Jerry L. Reiter Advocate For Financial Planners? What Brings Success For Today's Financial Planners? What Terrible Planner Truths Displeases Jerry L. Reiter The Most? The Most Terrible Fact About Being An American Financial Planner (They are the most sued professional, not physicians.) Why The Terrible Truth Makes Jerry L. Reiter Concerned About The Future For Many Financial Planners Can Planners Work With Other Honest Financial Professionals? Why Many Financial Planners Will Be Terminated! (More Litigation Lies Ahead!) Terrible Truths About "Instant Planners" With Large Financial Institutions Planning Is Based On Looking For Serious Financial Problems To Resolve Terrible Myths Among Financial Planners Is It OK For Financial Planners To Promote Themselves Without Regard For Truth, Accuracy, Or Accountability? 11 Terrible Truths About How Missing Legal Coverage Makes You And Your Financial Planner Extremely Vulnerable Interview with Robin Mills, President of the Financial Advisors Legal Association.
Section VI "Hustlers" Taking Advantage Of The "Clowns!"
12 Consultants And Gurus That Exploit The Terrible Planners Here Are Lies Here Are More Lies Still More Lies Would You Even Consider These Lies? Would You Fall For These Lies? More Lies To Take Advantage Of "Hi-Lo-Lie" Planners Do These Lies Never End? These Are Not Lies, Just Half-Truths! What Joseph A. "Big Joe" Clark Says About All This Lying 13 The Terrible Truth About Financial Planning Associations
14 Their Eternal Conventions, Meetings, Insider Perks, And Endless Bickering
Section VII Terrible Truths That Lead To Financial Horror Stories!
15 Terrible Truths About Selling The CFP Designation For Excessive Top Dollars The Founder of Financial Planning Was Cheated Once Again The Origin of the Certified Financial Planner The CFP Curriculum Expansion Conflict Emerges A New Institution Responsibilities and Accountability Initial CFP Board Operation Expanding the Institutions CFP Board Initiatives A New Exam CFP Ethics Procedures Continuing Education CFP Practice Standards The Quest for Governmental Status Growing Alternatives What's Really Dying? Who Does the CFP Board Represent? Terrible Truth About This Expensive Obstacle To Expansion of the Financial Planning Profession Conflicts Of Interest Again And Again 16 Terrible Truths Most Financial Planners Won't Tell You I Am An Expert On Whatever You Are Interested In I Am Really A Product Salesperson - Guess What I'm Gonna Do For You! Ghostwriters Write Most Of My Important Stuff I Am A High-Pressure Shill - Just Wait Until I Get You Alone! My Definition Of "Fee-Only" Is Subject To Interpretation Once I've Sold You I Am Out Of Here If You Ain't Rich Then To Hell With You! Confused? I Hope So! Does Your Planner Really Understand Your Plan? No Firm Regulation Regarding Client Grievances Be Warned, Be warned, Be Warned, Dam It Be Warned! 17 Terrible Truths Most Financial Advisors Won't Tell You You May Have More Money Experience And Knowledge Than Your Advisor Has Your Advisor Will Beat The Market Eventually, Maybe Your Advisor May Write Fairy Tales To Boost Your Assets And Increase His Income From You Hedge Funds Are Even Worse! Good Luck Finding Out Who Is In Charge Trading To Be Doing Something Boards Of Directors Should Be Held Responsible Managed Accounts May Benefit The Manager Most The Advisor's Total Amount Controlled May Come First Make Your Advisor Pay For Cheating Or Abusing You 18 Terrible Truths Some Accountants Won't Tell You We All Know The Fed's Tax Code Is An Unfair Disgrace So
I Don't Respect That Designation I'm A Former Convict, Who Isn't A Former Felon? Your Rapid Refund Will Cost You Big Time! Little Mistakes Are No Big Deal! I Can't Afford To Spend Too Much Time With You I'll Keep Your Records, Maybe Don't Expect State Boards To Help You The AICPA Hustles Software On The Side For Their Insiders Welcome To "Financial Planning Amateur Hour" 19 Terrible Truths About The Most Common 401(k) Mistakes You Are At The Mercy Of The USA Federal Government Your Failure To Act Being Too Cautious Not Being Cautious Enough Remember Enron - They Got Away With It! Think More Carefully About Loans Don't Make The Dumbest Move Of All 20 Terrible Truths About Your Odds Against Having A Good Relationship With Your Financial Planner Financial Planners Are Not All Examples Of "The Best And Brightest" Like Phillip A. Calandra By Now You Know Some Horror Stories What Skeletons Are Hiding In Your Planner's Closet? Will Your Planner Return Your Calls Quickly? What Is Your Investment Style? Or, Do You Know What You Are Doing? Always Think First About What You Going To Pay Can You Cut A Deal? Will You Get The Car A Larger Account Gets? Can You Read The Contract Again?
Section VIII Terrible Truths About How You Are Legally Robbed!
21 Terrible Truths About Credit Cards Paying-Off America's Politicians So They Can Rob You! They Can Lie But You Are Not Allowed To Lie! The Greatest User Of Bait And Switch Musical Addresses Late Fees In Minutes Over The Limit Fees Cash Advance Fees And Rates Reverse The Late Payment, But Up Your Rate! Increasing Your Rate Based On Other Accounts Fixed Rates Are Not Fixed - Just Another Lie Fed To You! Raising Your Rate For No Real Reason! "Free Gifts" That Cost You A Bundle Selling Credit Card Theft Insurance Selling Disability Coverage Setting Low Minimum Payments Cards That Cost You More In Fees Than They Give You In Credit! Balance-Transfer Fees And Disappearing Low Rates Zero-Percent Offers - With A Big Catch Charges For Charging Abroad Shrinking Grace Periods Pre-Paid Gift Credit Card Worth Less Than You Pay! Credit Card Companies Do Not Want To Hear Your Complaints 22 Terrible Truths About America's Mortgage Industry America's Largest Unregulated Criminal Industry 23 Terrible Truths About How You Daily Loose Your Money Your Biggest Problem Results From Money Corrupting Your Government Credit Card Debit Is The Great Horror Of Modern Man! Where Is Your Effective Plan To Eliminate Your Debt? Most Likely You Have A Very Bad Home Loan! Not Understanding Home Loans, Fees, And Rebates Where Is Your Tactical Emergency Fund? What Is Your Spending Plan? Do You Know Where Your Money Goes? Review Your Credit Report (Your Legal Blackmail Report) Low Insurance Deductibles 24 More Truths About The Terrible Ways You Are Fleeced. American Cars Are Not A Wise Investment Use More Intelligence Before Buying A New Car What You Should Know About Car Rentals Gasoline - The Great American Consumer Fleecing Auto Repairs Will Cheat You - Count On It! Auto Insurance - They Will Try To Screw You! Auto Loans -- Try Not To Do It! Homeowner And Rental Insurance Airline Fares - Every Seat Paid A Different Price Life Insurance Checking Accounts And Debit Cards Savings Products Credit Cards - The World's Greatest Legal Crime! First Mortgage Loans Mortgage Refinancing Home Equity Loans Home Purchasing - It Is Always Over Priced! Renting A Place To Live Home Improvement Major Appliances Heating And Cooling - Expect To Be Taken! Cell And Telephone Service Food Prescription Drugs Your Emergency Fund Theme Parks Like Disney World
Section IX Dangerous Absurdities In Financial Planning!
25 Wouldn't A Dog Be A Terrible Financial Planner? (Dogs submitted for membership in financial planning associations.) 26 Terrible Truths About Presidents Of Insurance Companies (Use FSA article by Cato here) 27 When an Innocent Financial Professional Goes To Prison Why Don't Financial Planners Question Laws That Rob You? Are The Feds Against Tangible Investments For The Same Reasons The Nazi's Were? Is Financial Privacy Being Banished From USA Citizens? What Was Accomplished By Your Serving Time In One Of America's Many Prisons? Why Didn't The Feds Totally Destroy You? What Can You Hope To Accomplish Now That The Feds Are Targeting You? The Clinton And Bush White Houses Loved Banks, Oil, And Big Corporations Above All Else! Materials To Help Financial Planners Survive Why Do So Many American Citizens Now Go To Prison? Government Is Spying On It's Own Citizens Being Forced Into Bankruptcy Is A Present Danger For All Financial Professionals Not On The Fed-Approved List What Are The Financial Planner's Chances Of Going To Prison? Types Of Federal Prisons Now Available Going To Prison For Non-Crimes Was Justice Served By The Martha Stewart Case?
Section X How To Complain And Get Results!
28 The Feds May Stall, Delay, Or Defy, But You Can Still Use FOIA - Sometimes
29 How To Complain To The NASD
30 New NASD Rules To Help Protect You
31 How To Complain To The SEC
32 New SEC Rules To Help Protect You
33 How To Complain To The FTC
34 New FTC Rules To Help You
35 More Terrible Truths Worth Complaining About Pushing Their Company's Products Driving Clients To The Poor House Contributing To Their Client's Financial Problems Ignoring The Horrors Caused By Credit Cards Failing To Promote Financial Literacy Targeting Mostly The Wealthy And Super Wealthy Ignoring The Clients Major Asset Because They Don't Get A Piece Of It
Section XI Ten Hall-of-Fame Interviews With Industry Leaders!
36 The Last Interviews With Loren Dunton The History Of Financial Planning According To The Founder Americans Need Protection From The Federal Government 37 The Shocking Interview With Marta Dunton 38 Financial Planning's Founder Died Broke And Broken Hearted
39 Interviews With Some Pompous Asses (Financial Magazine Editors)
40 An Interview with Asian Founder Ed Morrow - Defending Financial Planning And Financial Planners 41 The Landmark Interview With Charles Swabb
42 A "For The Record" Interview With Elliot Spritzer
43 The Historic Interview With John C. Bogle 44 The Landmark Interview With Norman G. Levine
45 The "Rock The Boat" Interview With Mehdi Fakharzadeh
46 An Exclusive Interview With America's Leading Financial Sales And Client Service Trainer Lew Nason Explaining Why Sales Is Not A Dirty Word
Section XII So Much Can Go Terribly Wrong!
47 Financial Horror Stories In Your Future
48 What 250 Financial Planners Say About These Terrible Truths
49 Terrible Ways To Select A Financial Planner
50 Would A "Lo-Hi-TC" Planner Use An "E-Mail Provider From Hell?"
51 The Terrible Future For Honest And Independent Financial Planners The "Hi-Lo-Lie" Planners Ignored The Warnings The Planners Who Fail To Get Legal Protection The Terrible Truth About Social Security Mandatory Financial Planning For American Citizens Suspicious Activity Reports on You (To The Feds) State Administered Clinics For Credit Card Abuse Federal Bankruptcy Courts Reach Record Numbers New Growth Industries From Financial Fallouts When Good (The "Lo-Hi-TC") Financial Planners Do Nothing
Section XIII Ways To Better Protect And Serve Your Best Interest!
52 Your Investor Bill Of Rights
53 Cautions You Should Use With Brokerage Accounts
54 Notes You Should Always Take If You Talk To Any Financial Planner
55 Your Report Card Should Contain Five A's
56 Learn What An Investigative Reporter Learns
57 The Six T's You Should Know About!
58 Questions That Can Help Protect You From Clowns
59 Terrible Truths About Investment Swindles
Section XIV Let's Start Over With The Timeless Basics!
60 What Is A Proper Financial Plan?
61 Do You Really Need A Financial Planner? What Is A Registered Financial Consultant? What Is The Purpose Of The IARFC? RFC Examination Process RFC Continuing Education Requirements What About Other Professional Financial Designations 62 Is Your Planner's Help Truly Professional? Confirm That Your Objectives Are Being Met Monitor Your Implementation Remain On Schedule Obtain Financial Peace of Mind 63 What Can A Non-Clown Planner Do For You? Only A Proper Financial Planner Can Simplify Your Life You Are Not Alone! Is There A Solution For You? Setting Goals And Answering Questions Your Financial Plan 64 Let's Discuss Your Estate Now! Yes now! All In Your Family The Doctor's Wife The Concerned Couple The Cost Of Procrastination What Is An Estate Plan? Why Have An Estate Plan? What Is Involved In An Estate Plan? How Can You Start Building Your Plan? How Is An Estate Settled? 65 How Should You Pay Your Financial Planner? Compensation Methods Fee Only Fee And Asset Management Fee Plus Commission Commission Only Salary About Fee And Commissions Questions And Answers Which Is Best For You - Fees Or Commissions? Does Fee-Only Mean Objective Advice? Do Commissions Mean Conflict Of Interest? Which Advisor Is Best For Persons Of Modest Income? What Does A Financial Plan Cost You? What You Need To Know About A Financial Planner! 66 Avoid Clowns, Controllers, And Dictators! You Must Take Responsibility Choose Your Advisor Carefully Focus On What The Advisor Says Evaluate The Advisor's Concern For You Check The Advisor's Background Understand How You Will Pay For The Planner's Services Identify The Advisor's Specialty You Absolutely Must Always Remain In Control! Look For Safeguards Keep Up With Your Financial Progress Remember, It Is Your Money 67 How To Evaluate Your Financial Planner! Guide For Evaluating Your Prospective Financial Planner 68 Before You Obtain Professional Advice! Save Your Assets And Save Your Ass With Inside Secrets 69 Ten Questions You Must Answer First! What Is Personal Financial Planning? Why Do You Need Personal Financial Planning? Can You Accomplish Your Own Financial Planning Alone? What Is Typically Included In A Comprehensive Plan? What Is Your Role In The Planning Process? What Credentials Should You Look For In A Planner? Are Your Fees For Financial Planning Tax Deductible? How Can You Measure The Worth Of Planning? What Do Personal Financial Plans Cost? Will Personal Financial Planning Make You Rich? 70 Did You Take Advantage Of Existing Opportunities? Fifteen Practical "True or False" Questions Five "Circle The Correct Answer" Questions 71 Terrible Truths About Your Retirement How To Find Out Whether You Can Afford To Retire Where Can You Get Proper Help To Plan For Your Retirement? Can Your Advisor Help You Decide How Much To Save/Invest? Is There A Way You Can Cope With Inflation? What Investments Are Right For You? What Will Your Social Security Benefits Be? What To Do If You Don't Have Enough To Invest! Does It Matter Where You Take Income When You Retire? What Are My Options After Retirement? Will Reaching My Goal Offer Other Benefits? 72 Your First Task With A Non-Clown Planner! Communicate Your Exact Wishes And Desires Protect Your Family Reduce Your Taxes Protect Your Business Respond To Changes 73 The Terrible Truth About Your Record Keeping! Keep Everything New Retention Rules Document Retention Schedule Your Business Records Storage Location Tax Records' Two Years Minimum Three Years Retention Five Years Retention Seven Years Retention Ten Years Retention Permanent Retention 74 What You Should Place In Your Safe Deposit Box! Your Items That Should Be In Your Safe Deposit Box Your Items That Should Not Be In Your Safe Deposit Box
Section XV Still More That You Should Know!
75 Financial Planning Designations, Certifications, And Degrees The 90 Different Designations 76 Financial Professional Organizations Finally - A Complete List! 77 Financial Educators The 21 Best Known Financial Education Sources 78 Contacts You Can Use Complete Contact Information 79 Continuing Financial Self-Help How You Can Learn More To Better Protect Yourself
Addendum Terrible Truths Summary Listings
TERRIBLE TRUTHS ABOUT FINANCIAL PLANNING By Forrest Wallace Cato © Copyright - All Rights Reserved
Notice: Views expressed in this book are those of the author, indicated writer, or writers, and not necessarily those of any other organization, the publisher, other writers, or endorsers, or other sources featured herein or not featured herein. No legal or other affiliation, connection, involvement, or participation is suggested, implied, or alleged, with sources mentioned herein. Attempts have been made to insure accuracy. Where necessary appropriate permissions have been sought and obtained from recognized owners. Copyrighted or registered materials are properly noted and used with appropriate permission. No other representations are made or suggested with this publication. No obligations are assumed or implied pertaining to the individuals or institutions referenced in these pages.
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